Buras\u0131; 2134 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda; tanr\u0131lar\u0131n, krallar\u0131n ve baz\u0131 hayvanlar\u0131n dev heykellerinin bulundu\u011fu bir tap\u0131nak mezard\u0131r (Hierothesion).<\/p>\n
Kar\u0131\u015ft\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n aksine Nemrut Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’nda (Kommagene) Nemrut isminde bir kral bulunmaz.<\/p>\n
Ke\u015fif Hikayesi<\/strong><\/p>\n Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki bu kutsal tap\u0131nma merkezinin antik d\u00f6nem kaynaklar\u0131nda ad\u0131 ge\u00e7memekle birlikte, 1881 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki ke\u015ffine kadar, Anadolu\u2019ya \u00f6zg\u00fc bir krall\u0131k olan Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n pek de ilgisini \u00e7ekmez.<\/p>\n Buradan ilk bahseden Alman demiryolu m\u00fchendisi Karl Sester olmu\u015f. Sester, eski ileti\u015fim yollar\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131karak Do\u011fu Anadolu’daki rotay\u0131 i\u015faretlemeyi planlam\u0131\u015f. Ona yard\u0131m eden \u00e7evredeki yerliler ona herhangi bir antik yol g\u00f6sterememi\u015fler ancak ona Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki ola\u011fan\u00fcst\u00fc an\u0131tsal heykellerden bahsetmi\u015fler. Meraklanan Sester zirveye t\u0131rman\u0131yor ve an\u0131tsal heykelleri kendi g\u00f6zleriyle g\u00f6r\u00fcyor. Sester burada rastlad\u0131\u011f\u0131 birka\u00e7 heykelin Asurlular d\u00f6nemine ait oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Sester\u2019in haber vermesi \u00fczerine Almanya, arkeolog Otto Puchstein\u2019i Sester\u2019le detayl\u0131 bir ara\u015ft\u0131rma yapmas\u0131 i\u00e7in buraya\u00a0 g\u00f6nderir. \u0130ki ki\u015filik bu ekip 1882’de ke\u015ffe \u00e7\u0131karlar. Heykellerin Asurlular\u2019a ait olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesinle\u015fir. Varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 bilinmekle beraber kral mezar\u0131 hen\u00fcz ke\u015ffedilememi\u015ftir. Heykellerin \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131lar tam da okunamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Puchstein, incelenen iki teras sayesinde eski yaz\u0131tlar\u0131 de\u015fifre eden bir ipucuna ula\u015f\u0131r: “Pers \u00fclkesinin, Makedonya\u2019n\u0131n ve kendi \u00fclkemiz Kommagene\u2019nin b\u00fct\u00fcn tanr\u0131lar\u0131; \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131 ve torunlar\u0131n\u0131 kutsamaya devam edecekler\u2026\u201d<\/p>\n Bunu yazd\u0131ran\u0131n kim oldu\u011funa ula\u015fmak \u00fczeredir. Yaz\u0131t, hem Persler\u2019in hem de Makedonyal\u0131lar\u2019\u0131n varisi oldu\u011funu iddia eden ve tarihte az bilinen Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n \u00fcyesi, \u201cMuzaffer B\u00fcy\u00fck Kral Antiochos\u201d taraf\u0131ndan imzalanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Puchstein\u2019in, 1882\u2019de de\u015fifre etti\u011fi 237 sat\u0131rl\u0131k bu edebi kitabe, Helenistik d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en \u00f6nemli ke\u015fiflerinden biri kabul edilir ve I. Antiochos\u2019un Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019nda yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 bu kutsal alan\u0131n tarihini ve niteli\u011fini ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak anlat\u0131r.<\/p>\n Ama heykeller kadar \u00e7arp\u0131c\u0131 bir \u015fey daha vard\u0131r: 50 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve milyonlarca kire\u00e7ta\u015f\u0131ndan olu\u015fan t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs. \u0130ki teras\u0131n aras\u0131nda yer alan ve araziye hakim olan t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs, Puchstein\u2019a g\u00f6re bu d\u00fcnya \u00fczerinde bilinen en y\u00fcksek t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcst\u00fcr. Buras\u0131 o g\u00fcne dek bilinmeyen ve ilk kez bu yaz\u0131tlarda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir s\u00f6zc\u00fckle tan\u0131mlan\u0131r; Hierothesion<\/strong> (hiyerotez); yani kutsal mezar.<\/p>\n 1883\u2019te Almanya\u2019dan bir ke\u015fif gezisi i\u00e7in daha izin \u00e7\u0131kar ve bu kez ekibe liderlik yapacak ki\u015fi Karl Humann\u2019d\u0131r. Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019ndaki bu alan ve heykeller, Helenistik d\u00f6nemin en iddial\u0131 yap\u0131lar\u0131ndan biri kabul ediliyor. Mabedin \u00e7ok k\u00fclt\u00fcrl\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bunun nedenlerinden biri. Bununla ilintili olarak, Karl Humann ve ekibi, Antiochos\u2019un soyuna ait, Pers ve Makedon atalar\u0131n\u0131 tasvir eden 70 k\u00fcsur kabartma bulur. Ancak hava \u015fartlar\u0131 zorlay\u0131c\u0131d\u0131r ve ikinci ke\u015fif yar\u0131m kal\u0131r. 2000 y\u0131l sonra uyanm\u0131\u015f olan \u015fans, heyecanla a\u00e7\u0131lan sayfa bir s\u00fcreli\u011fine kapanm\u0131\u015f, gizem tekrar s\u0131rlar\u0131na g\u00f6m\u00fclm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Humann ile ayn\u0131 y\u0131l, M\u00fcze-i H\u00fcmayun\u2019a (Osmanl\u0131 \u0130mparatorluk M\u00fczesi) 1881\u2019de m\u00fcd\u00fcr olarak atanan Osman Hamdi Bey ile Sanayi-i Nefise Mektebi \u00f6\u011fretim \u00fcyesi heykelt\u0131ra\u015f Osgan Efendi, Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131 an\u0131tlar\u0131n\u0131 incelemek \u00fczere g\u00f6revlendirilir.<\/p>\n Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn Bat\u0131 Teras\u0131\u2019ndaki Kral I. Antiochos\u2019un tanr\u0131larla tokala\u015fma sahnelerinin betimlendi\u011fi, kumta\u015f\u0131 steller aras\u0131nda kayda de\u011fer bir par\u00e7a bulunur; Aslanl\u0131 Horoskop. Bug\u00fcne dek bilinen en erken Grek horoskopu olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0(Horoskop bir olay\u0131n oldu\u011fu anda g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcnde y\u0131ld\u0131z\u00a0ve gezegenlerin bulunduklar\u0131 konumu g\u00f6steren \u015femad\u0131r.)<\/p>\n Bundan sonra Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131, ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar\u0131n ilgisini yeniden uyand\u0131rmak i\u00e7in yar\u0131m as\u0131rdan fazla beklemek zorunda kald\u0131. 1939’da Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerine doktora tezinin yazar\u0131 Friedrich Karl D\u00f6rner, Do\u011fu Anadolu’ya geldi ve bu da\u011f\u0131n sistematik ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar\u0131na ba\u015flad\u0131. Karaku\u015f T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc’n\u00fc ke\u015ffetti.<\/p>\n Vee 1950\u2019li y\u0131llarda New York\u2019lu bir kad\u0131n arkeolog olan Teressa Goell Nemrut\u2019a ilgi duyuyor ve y\u00f6re halk\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda buraya \u00e7\u0131kan ilk kad\u0131n oluyor. Nemrut hakk\u0131nda daha s\u00f6ylenecek \u00e7ok s\u00f6z oldu\u011funu s\u00f6yl\u00fcyor.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 teras\u0131nda Antiochus\u2019un Tanr\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan kar\u015f\u0131lan\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131 simgeleyen kabartma heykeli ve baz\u0131 heykelleri ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131yor. Bir\u00e7ok bilgiyi insanl\u0131\u011fa sunuyor. Gittik\u00e7e ilerleyen bir i\u015fitme kayb\u0131na ra\u011fmen 1973 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar burada \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Goell\u2019e g\u00f6re Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131 kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc tarihi ve co\u011frafi ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle yeterince bilimsel ilgi g\u00f6rmemi\u015ftir.\u00a0 Da\u011f, antik Yunan ve Roma medeniyetlerini inceleyen klasik arkeologlar i\u00e7in \u201cfazla do\u011fulu\u201d ve ayn\u0131 zamanda oryantalistler i\u00e7in \u201cfazla klasik\u201d idi. Goell Kral Antiochus\u2019un mezar odas\u0131n\u0131 ke\u015ffetme arzusuyla bir\u00e7ok y\u0131l\u0131n\u0131 burada ge\u00e7irdi.<\/p>\n 1986 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131 T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc ulusal mevzuata uygun olarak Arkeolojik\u00a0Sit Alan\u0131\u00a0olarak\u00a0ilan\u00a0edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n 1989 y\u0131l\u0131nda Milli Park olarak ilan edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n Buraya ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in \u00f6nce minib\u00fcslerle bir servis alan\u0131na geliniyor. Burada yiyecek ve tuvaletler var. Da\u011f, sonbaharda bile \u00e7ok so\u011fuk. Sibirya gibi \ud83d\ude42 \u00c7ok s\u0131k\u0131 giyinmek gerekiyor. Ard\u0131ndan 20 dakikal\u0131k bir t\u0131rmanma mesafesi var. Do\u011fu teras\u0131na \u00e7\u0131k\u0131lan taraf\u0131n basamaklar\u0131 d\u00fczg\u00fcn ve rahat de\u011fil.<\/p>\n \u015eimdi an\u0131t mezar\u0131 bir inceleyelim:<\/strong><\/p>\n Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 nedir? Kral I. Antiochus Theos kimdi?<\/p>\n Bu gizemli heykeller nereden geliyor?\u00a0Neden in\u015fa edildi? Ve neden bu noktada?<\/p>\n M.\u00d6. 1. y\u00fczy\u0131lda g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz Ad\u0131yaman s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 i\u00e7inde Kral I. Antiochus Theos (M. \u00d6. 96-34); Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’n\u0131n lideriydi. Krall\u0131k, B\u00fcy\u00fck \u0130skender’in \u0130mparatorlu\u011fu\u2019nun par\u00e7alanmas\u0131 \u00fczerine ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan bir\u00e7ok krall\u0131ktan biriydi.<\/p>\n Antiochus, annesi Laodice taraf\u0131ndan \u0130skender’in, babas\u0131 Mithridates taraf\u0131ndan Pers Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131’ndan Darius’un soyundan geliyordu.<\/p>\n Yunanca “Genler Toplulu\u011fu<\/strong>” anlam\u0131na gelen\u00a0Kommagene<\/strong> ismiyle uyumlu olarak, Makedon, Yunan ve Pers uygarl\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n inan\u00e7, k\u00fclt\u00fcr ve\u00a0 geleneklerinin b\u00fct\u00fcnle\u015fti\u011fi g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir krall\u0131kt\u0131. Bat\u0131s\u0131nda Roma ile do\u011fusundaki Part Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 aras\u0131nda bulunuyordu.<\/p>\n Antiochus, k\u00fclt\u00fcrleri birle\u015ftirmeyi hedefleyen bir krald\u0131.<\/p>\n \u00d6lmeden \u00f6nce b\u0131rakt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yaz\u0131lara g\u00f6re Antiochus y\u00fcksek ve \u0131ss\u0131z bir yere g\u00f6m\u00fclmek istiyordu.<\/p>\n Bu ama\u00e7la ba\u015fka k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin tanr\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 bir araya getirecek heykeller yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015ft\u0131. B\u00f6ylece kendi tap\u0131na\u011f\u0131n\u0131 haz\u0131rlam\u0131\u015ft\u0131.<\/p>\n \u201cZaman\u0131n tahribine diren\u00e7li bu toprak mezar\u0131n temellerini g\u00f6ksel tahtlar\u0131n en yak\u0131n\u0131nda atarak, buran\u0131n ileri ya\u015fa ula\u015fm\u0131\u015f talihli bedenim i\u00e7in sonsuz bir istirahatgah olmas\u0131na karar verdim.\u201d (Yaz\u0131tlardan)<\/p>\n Kommagene Kral\u0131 I. Antiochos’un kendisi i\u00e7in\u00a0haz\u0131rlatt\u0131\u011f\u0131 mezar\u0131n \u00fczerine yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs yakla\u015f\u0131k 50 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde ve 150 metre \u00e7ap\u0131nda yapay bir kire\u00e7 ta\u015f\u0131 y\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mezar\u0131 daha bulunmu\u015f de\u011fil. Bulunursa Helenistik d\u00fcnyaya ait el de\u011fmemi\u015f ilk ve tek mezar odas\u0131 olacak.\u00a0Fakat ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131lar bug\u00fcnk\u00fc teknolojiye ra\u011fmen t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcse zarar vermekten korktuklar\u0131 i\u00e7in mezar kaz\u0131s\u0131 yapm\u0131yorlarm\u0131\u015f.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs Teraslar\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs, I. Antiochos’un \u015ferefine tertiplenen t\u00f6renlere mahsus do\u011fu, bat\u0131 ve kuzey teraslar\u0131 olmak \u00fczere \u00fc\u00e7 terasla \u00e7evrili. Bu \u00fc\u00e7 tarafta kutsal alanlar in\u015fa edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 teraslar\u0131nda b\u00fcy\u00fck boyutlu heykeller, kabartmalar ve yaz\u0131tlar bulunuyor. Her iki terasta da heykel dizileri ayn\u0131d\u0131r. Ancak Do\u011fu terastaki tahtlar, bat\u0131 terasta ise heykel ba\u015flar\u0131 daha sa\u011flamd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nemrut’a \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f sabah g\u00fcn do\u011farken veya ak\u015fam g\u00fcn batarken oluyor.<\/p>\n Ge\u00e7en sene (2019) do\u011fu teras\u0131nda g\u00fcn do\u011fumunu izlemi\u015ftik. Hava sisliydi. Sislerin ard\u0131ndan g\u00f6r\u00fclen kral ve tanr\u0131 heykelleri b\u00fcy\u00fcleyici ve etkileyiciydi.<\/p>\n Bu sene (2020) bat\u0131 teras\u0131nda g\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 izleyip foto\u011frafl\u0131yoruz.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu Teras\u0131<\/strong>;<\/p>\n En b\u00fcy\u00fck terast\u0131r. Tanr\u0131lar Galerisi, Atalar Galerisi ve bunlar\u0131n do\u011fu taraf\u0131ndaki kare \u015feklindeki ta\u015f bir sunaktan olu\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Goell taraf\u0131ndan basamakl\u0131 piramit olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan bu sunak yap\u0131 onun taraf\u0131ndan restore edilip \u015fimdiki haline getirilmi\u015ftir. Buras\u0131 \u00f6nemli dini rit\u00fcellerin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yerdir. \u0130nsanlar burada tanr\u0131lar\u0131n huzurunda ate\u015f yak\u0131p ziyafetler haz\u0131rlayarak onlar\u0131 mutlu etmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rd\u0131.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu teras\u0131nda tahtlar\u0131n \u00fczerine s\u0131ralar halinde oturmu\u015f y\u00fczleri g\u00fcne\u015fe bakan dev tanr\u0131 heykelleri bulunuyor. Tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ta\u015ftan g\u00f6vdeleri y\u0131k\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, kafalar\u0131 d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015f. Bu harabiyetin; depremler, r\u00fczgarlar gibi do\u011fa \u015fartlar\u0131 ile ilk Hristiyan ve M\u00fcsl\u00fcmanlar\u0131n sahte tanr\u0131lar\u0131 protestolar\u0131 sonucu oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcl\u00fcyor. 2002 y\u0131l\u0131nda heykellerin ba\u015flar\u0131 daha sonra g\u00f6vdelerinin \u00f6n\u00fcne s\u0131ralanm\u0131\u015f. G\u00f6vdeler genellikle 8-9 metre, ba\u015flar ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131 ile 2,5-3,5 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde. Bu devasa heykeller, 6 ton a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131\u011f\u0131nda ve tam 10 metre boyunda.<\/p>\n Heykel s\u0131ras\u0131n\u0131n her iki ucu bir aslan ve kartal heykeli ile ba\u015flar.<\/p>\n Aslan Kommagene Krall\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n yery\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hakimiyetini, tanr\u0131lar\u0131n (Zeus) habercisi olan kartal ise g\u00f6ky\u00fcz\u00fcndeki hakimiyetini temsil etmektedir.<\/p>\n Ana heykel grubu, yeni kurulan tap\u0131nak mezar\u0131 temsil eden be\u015f tanr\u0131 fig\u00fcr\u00fcyd\u00fc. Soldan sa\u011fa s\u0131rayla:<\/p>\n 1. Antiochos<\/strong><\/p>\n Kommagene topraklar\u0131n\u0131n en y\u00fcksek yeri olan bu tepe \u00fczerine yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 tanr\u0131 heykelleri ile kendi heykelini birlikte koydurarak onlara e\u015f oldu\u011funu vurgular adeta. Ayr\u0131ca bu tanr\u0131lara tap\u0131nan insanlar\u0131n duas\u0131n\u0131 almay\u0131 da ama\u00e7lam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Antiochos\u2019un ba\u015f\u0131 yap\u0131lan ilk ke\u015fiflerde bulunmam\u0131\u015f. Heykelin ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131, alandaki ta\u015flar\u0131n alt\u0131nda kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ancak 1953 y\u0131l\u0131nda kitabe aran\u0131rken Goell\u2019in ekibi taraf\u0131ndan ke\u015ffedilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n Buradaki tanr\u0131 heykelleri, Kommagene krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 \u00e7evreleyen farkl\u0131 k\u00fclt\u00fcrlerin ve dinlerin bir sentezi gibidir. Pers-Zerd\u00fc\u015ft ve Yunan geleneklerini birle\u015ftirmi\u015f ve ek olarak yeni bir Kommagene k\u00fclt\u00fcr\u00fc olu\u015fturmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Heykelt\u0131ra\u015fl\u0131kta Yunan tarz\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcrken tanr\u0131lar\u0131n ba\u015fl\u0131klar\u0131nda daha \u00e7ok Pers etkisi hakim.\u00a0Bu nedenle tanr\u0131lar\u0131n karma\u015f\u0131k bir isimlendirmesi mevcut. Bir heykelde birden \u00e7ok tanr\u0131 temsil edilmi\u015f.<\/p>\n Kommagene Tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131:<\/strong><\/p>\n Heykel diziliminin tek tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131. Antiochos’un yan\u0131nda yer al\u0131yor. Ba\u015f\u0131nda nar ve \u00fcz\u00fcmler ile bereket tanr\u0131\u00e7as\u0131. \u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n Zeus (Roma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 J\u00fcpiter), Oromasdes veya Ahura Mazda:<\/strong><\/p>\n Zerd\u00fc\u015ft tanr\u0131s\u0131 Ahura Mazda\u2019y\u0131 Zeus\u2019a e\u015fit saym\u0131\u015flard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Tanr\u0131lar aras\u0131nda en y\u00fcksek mertebede olan Zeus, heykel dizisinin ortas\u0131nda yer al\u0131r ve di\u011ferlerinden b\u00fcy\u00fck boyuttad\u0131r. Tanr\u0131lar tanr\u0131s\u0131 Kronos’un o\u011flu, ba\u015f tanr\u0131 ve g\u00f6kler hakimidir. Ba\u015f\u0131nda bir Pers tiaras\u0131 (ba\u015fl\u0131k) vard\u0131r. Bunun \u00fczerinde i\u015flemeli bir bant bulunur. Sakall\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Apollo, Mithras, Helios, Hermes:<\/strong><\/p>\n Mitras; <\/strong>Pers\u2019in \u0131\u015f\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Hermes;<\/strong> Roma kar\u015f\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 Merk\u00fcr<\/p>\n Apollo;<\/strong> g\u00fcne\u015fin, ate\u015fin, m\u00fczi\u011fin ve \u015fiirin tanr\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. Durgun ve \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcl\u00fc g\u00fcc\u00fc temsil eder. Gen\u00e7 ve sakals\u0131z betimlenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Herakles (Roma mitolojisinde Herk\u00fcl), Ares (Mars), Verethragna<\/strong><\/p>\n Herakles, Zeus ve \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc Alkmene\u2019nin o\u011fludur. G\u00fcc\u00fc simgelemektedir. Zerd\u00fc\u015ftlerin zafer tanr\u0131s\u0131 Verethragna (Bahram, Artagnes) ile \u00f6zde\u015fle\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n \u0130nsan\u0131n do\u011faya kar\u015f\u0131 yenilmez sald\u0131r\u0131 ve dayanma g\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fc simgeler. Sol elinde sopa ta\u015f\u0131d\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. Sakall\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n Nomos:<\/strong><\/p>\n Do\u011fu ve Bat\u0131 Teras\u0131\u2019nda heykellerin tahtlar\u0131n\u0131 olu\u015fturan ta\u015f bloklar\u0131n arkas\u0131nda Grek\u00e7e yaz\u0131lm\u0131\u015f 237 sat\u0131rl\u0131k uzun bir k\u00fclt yaz\u0131t\u0131 (nomos) bulunmaktad\u0131r. I. Antiochos\u2019un vasiyetnamesi niteli\u011findeki yaz\u0131tta bu kutsal alan hakk\u0131nda bilgiler ve k\u00fclt\u00fcn uygulanmas\u0131 ile ilgili h\u00fck\u00fcmler yer almaktad\u0131r. Nomos\u2019un t\u00fcm metni terc\u00fcme edildi\u011finde, t\u00fcrbenin kral\u0131n\u0131n \u201cuzun y\u0131llar\u0131n hayat\u0131n\u0131\u201d ya\u015farken in\u015fa edildi\u011fi yazmaktad\u0131r.\u00a0 Antiochos ve tanr\u0131lar\u0131n onuruna yap\u0131lacak festivallerin nas\u0131l kutlanaca\u011f\u0131na dair talimatlar da bulunur.<\/p>\n Do\u011fu Teras\u0131’n\u0131n kuzey s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rlayan s\u0131ra, Kral Antiochus’un Pers atalar\u0131n\u0131 betimleyen al\u00e7ak kabartmalarla s\u00fcslenmi\u015f 15 bloktan olu\u015fuyordu. \u00d6te yandan, g\u00fcney s\u0131ras\u0131, bat\u0131 atalar\u0131n\u0131n tasvirlerinin yer ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 17 stelden olu\u015fuyordu.<\/p>\n Bat\u0131 Teras\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n Tanr\u0131lar galerisinin kuzey ucunda, d\u00f6rd\u00fcnde Kral Antiochos’un tanr\u0131larla tokala\u015fmas\u0131, di\u011ferinde aslan fig\u00fcr\u00fc bulunan, kumta\u015f\u0131ndan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f be\u015f kabartma (r\u00f6lyef) bulunuyor.<\/p>\n Aslan kabartmas\u0131 astroloji ile ilgili bir horoskoptur. Bu aslan kabartmas\u0131 Yunan tarz\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Ancak daha sonraki ara\u015ft\u0131rmac\u0131 Teressa Goell; aslan\u0131n kafa ve yelesinin Hitit tarz\u0131nda oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Aslan\u0131n s\u0131rt\u0131nda 3 gezegen, 19 y\u0131ld\u0131z, boynunda ise bir hilal bulunur. Gezegenlerin Mars, Merk\u00fcr ve J\u00fcpiter oldu\u011fu belirtiliyor. Her birinin \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131na Yunanca isimleri kaz\u0131nm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0\u0130lgin\u00e7tir ki, gezegenlerin hepsi de tap\u0131naktaki Tanr\u0131 heykelleri ile temsil ediliyordu.<\/p>\n Aslan kabartmas\u0131 \u00fczerinde yer alan ay ve y\u0131ld\u0131zlardan yap\u0131lan hesaplar tarihin M. \u00d6. 62, 7 Temmuz oldu\u011funu g\u00f6steriyor. Bu da de\u011fi\u015fik \u015fekillerde yorumlan\u0131yor.\u00a0Kral I. Antiochos’un tahta \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f tarihi veya k\u00fclt alan\u0131n\u0131n yap\u0131m tarihini g\u00f6sterdi\u011fine inan\u0131l\u0131yor.<\/p>\n Yine bu tarihte J\u00fcpiter, Merk\u00fcr ve Mars ayn\u0131 hizaya geliyor. Bu 25.000 y\u0131lda bir meydana gelen astrolojik bir olayd\u0131r.<\/p>\n Antiochos ile ilgisi oldu\u011fu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen Aslan Horoskopu\u2019nun Kommageneliler i\u00e7in \u00e7ok kutsal say\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131, bir dini kitabe olarak korundu\u011fu biliniyor. Aslanl\u0131 Horoskop, 2003 y\u0131l\u0131nda Nemrut Da\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n kuzeyine yap\u0131lan Ge\u00e7ici Restorasyon Evi\u2019ne ta\u015f\u0131nm\u0131\u015f. Ziyaret\u00e7ilere g\u00f6sterilmiyor. Bu nedenle \u00e7e\u015fitli spek\u00fclasyonlar da yap\u0131l\u0131yor. Orijinalinin zarar g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc iddialar\u0131 hatta kaz\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bile s\u00f6ylentiler aras\u0131nda.<\/p>\n Ayr\u0131ca Bat\u0131 Teras\u0131’nda Kral Antiochus’un atalar\u0131n\u0131n resimlerinin bulundu\u011fu iki s\u0131ra stel vard\u0131r. 15 bloktan olu\u015fan g\u00fcney s\u0131ras\u0131, Antiochos’un do\u011fu atalar\u0131n\u0131,\u00a0 g\u00f6steriyor. Teras\u0131n bat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131r\u0131n\u0131 belirleyen ikinci s\u0131ra, kral\u0131n bat\u0131 atalar\u0131n\u0131 tasvir ediyordu.<\/p>\n \u00dcst \u00fcste iki y\u0131ld\u0131r cumhuriyet bayram\u0131n\u0131 kutlamak burada nasip oluyor. Geleneksel olarak Ad\u0131yaman’dan bayraklar\u0131 ile gelen gen\u00e7ler tepeye \u00e7\u0131k\u0131p co\u015fkuyla bayram\u0131n kutlanmas\u0131na \u00f6nayak oluyorlar.<\/p>\n Kuzey Teras\u0131;<\/strong><\/p>\n G\u00fcn bat\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 seyrediyoruz.<\/p>\n Kommagene Eserleri<\/strong><\/p>\n Cendere K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc <\/strong>\u00a0(Roma K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong>\u00a0veya\u00a0Septimius Severus K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc)<\/strong><\/p>\n Roma mimarisinin e\u015fsiz eserlerinden biri olarak an\u0131lan, g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde halen yaya trafi\u011fine a\u00e7\u0131k olan Cendere K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc, Ad\u0131yaman’a 55 km uzakl\u0131kta ve Karaku\u015f T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc\u2019n\u00fcn kuzeydo\u011fusunda bulunuyor.<\/p>\n K\u00f6pr\u00fc Roma \u0130mparatoru Septimius Severus\u2019un (M.S. 193-211) emriyle o tarihte Samsat\u2019ta (Somasata) karargah kuran XVI. Lejyon taraf\u0131ndan yapt\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\u00a0Kahta \u00c7ay\u0131\u2019n\u0131n en \u00e7ok darald\u0131\u011f\u0131 kesimde kesme ta\u015ftan yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n K\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn g\u00fcneydeki giri\u015fin her iki taraf\u0131nda birer adet korint s\u00fctun bulunmaktad\u0131r. \u00dczerinde yer alan yaz\u0131tlardan; birinin k\u00f6pr\u00fcy\u00fc yapt\u0131ran \u0130mparator Septimius Severus, di\u011ferinin ise onun kar\u0131s\u0131 \u201caskerlerin anas\u0131\u201d olarak an\u0131lan Julia Domna ad\u0131na dikildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Kuzeydeki giri\u015fin bir taraf\u0131nda bulunan s\u00fctun \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131t ise bu s\u00fctunun o\u011fullar\u0131 Caracalla ad\u0131na dikildi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Bu s\u00fctunun kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda k\u00f6pr\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6nemde o\u011fullar\u0131 Geta ad\u0131na dikilmi\u015f bir s\u00fctun daha oldu\u011fu bilinmektedir. Ancak Septimius Severus\u2019tan sonra tahta ge\u00e7en \u0130mparator Caracalla (MS 211-217), karde\u015fi Geta\u2019y\u0131 \u00f6ld\u00fcrterek Roma topraklar\u0131nda Geta ad\u0131na dikilen ne varsa y\u0131kt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, bu y\u0131k\u0131mdan Cendere K\u00f6pr\u00fcs\u00fc de nasibini alm\u0131\u015f ve karde\u015fi Geta ad\u0131na dikilen s\u00fctun kald\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n Karaku\u015f T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fc<\/strong><\/p>\n Kahta il\u00e7esinde yer alan, Kommagene Krall\u0131k ailesinin kad\u0131nlar\u0131na ait bir an\u0131t mezard\u0131r. .<\/p>\n Yakla\u015f\u0131k 20 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011findeki t\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcn g\u00fcneyinde dikili bulunan s\u00fctun \u00fczerindeki kartal heykelinden dolay\u0131 y\u00f6re halk\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan karaku\u015f olarak an\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ve literat\u00fcre bu isimle girmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcn do\u011fusunda iki adet yakla\u015f\u0131k 10 metre y\u00fcksekli\u011finde s\u00fctun bulunmaktad\u0131r. Bir s\u00fctun \u00fczerinde bo\u011fa, di\u011fer s\u00fctun \u00fczerinde ise aslan heykeli motifi bulunmaktayd\u0131. Ancak g\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde sadece bo\u011fa motifi durmakta ve onun da ba\u015f k\u0131sm\u0131 yok olmu\u015f.<\/p>\n T\u00fcm\u00fcl\u00fcs\u00fcn bat\u0131s\u0131nda ise Kommagene kral\u0131 I. Antiochos\u2019un o\u011flu Kral II. Mithridates\u2019in, k\u0131z karde\u015fi Laodike ile tokala\u015fma kabartmas\u0131 yer al\u0131r. S\u00fctun \u00fczerindeki yaz\u0131ttan an\u0131t mezar\u0131n Kral Antiochos\u2019un e\u015fi \u0130sias, k\u0131z\u0131 Antiochis ve torunu Aka\u2019ya ait oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131lmaktad\u0131r. Kral II. Mithradates, annesi \u0130sias i\u00e7in, bu an\u0131t mezar\u0131 in\u015fa ettirmi\u015ftir. \u0130sias, d\u00fcnyan\u0131n en g\u00fczel kad\u0131n\u0131 olarak betimlenir. Daha sonraki d\u00f6nemde Pers prensleriyle evlendirilen ve Pers-Roma sava\u015f\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcr\u00fclen k\u0131z karde\u015flerinin cenazelerini de buraya, annesinin an\u0131t mezar\u0131na g\u00f6md\u00fcrm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr.<\/p>\n Karaku\u015f an\u0131t mezar\u0131nda, 4 Kommagene krali\u00e7esinin mezar\u0131 bulunmaktad\u0131r. Mezar b\u00f6lgesinin \u00e7evresi M.\u00d6. 38-36 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda surlarla \u00e7evrilmi\u015f, ancak Romal\u0131lar taraf\u0131ndan b\u00f6lge i\u015fgal edildi\u011finde bu mezar alan\u0131 da tahrip edilmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n Arsameia \u00d6ren Yeri (Nymphaios Arsameia’s\u0131)<\/strong><\/p>\n Ad\u0131yaman\u2019a 60 kilometre, Nemrut Milli Park\u0131\u2019na da 10 dakika mesafededir.<\/p>\n Arsameia; M.\u00d6. 3. y\u00fczy\u0131lda Kommagene\u2019lerin atas\u0131 Arsames taraf\u0131ndan Kahta \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n (Nymphaios) do\u011fusunda, Eski Kahta kalesinin kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda kurulmu\u015ftur. Kutsal alan (hierothesion), krall\u0131\u011f\u0131n yazl\u0131k ba\u015fkenti ve idare merkezidir.<\/p>\n Burada \u0131\u015f\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131 Apollon-Mithras kabartmas\u0131 ve Kral Antiochos ile Herakles tokala\u015fmas\u0131 kabartmas\u0131 yer al\u0131r.<\/p>\n Mitras Kabartmas\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n Yaz\u0131t\u0131n \u00fcst k\u0131sm\u0131nda \u0131\u015f\u0131k tanr\u0131s\u0131 Apollo-Mitras’\u0131n kabartmas\u0131 bulunur. Kabartma \u00fczerinde i\u015flenen fig\u00fcr\u00fcn ba\u015f\u0131nda Pers krall\u0131\u011f\u0131 Ba\u015fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 olan \u201cTiara\u201d bulunmaktad\u0131r. Tiaran\u0131n tam arkas\u0131nda, \u0131\u015f\u0131nlar\u0131n sa\u00e7\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir g\u00fcne\u015f kursu yer almakta ve burada bir Pers Tanr\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n betimlendi\u011fini g\u00f6stermektedir. Uzun bir kaftan giydirilmi\u015f olan betimin sol elinde, Perslerin adak ve t\u00f6renler s\u0131ras\u0131nda kulland\u0131klar\u0131 demet olan \u201cbaresman\u201d bulunmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Dexiosis (Tokala\u015fma) Steli<\/strong><\/p>\n B\u00f6lgede biri i\u00e7ecek ve g\u0131dalar\u0131n depoland\u0131\u011f\u0131, di\u011feri dinsel i\u015flevli olan basamakl\u0131 kaya dehlizi \u015feklinde ma\u011faralar bulunur.<\/p>\n Ma\u011faralar\u0131n \u00fczerinde Anadolu’nun en b\u00fcy\u00fck dini sosyal i\u00e7erikli Grek\u00e7e yaz\u0131t\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n Yaz\u0131tta Kommagene kral\u0131 I. Antiochos\u2019un, babas\u0131 Mithradates Kallinikos\u2019a ait bir k\u00fclt yeri \u201cherezyon\u201d yapt\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, buray\u0131 m\u00fc\u015fterek bir k\u00fclt\u00fcn icras\u0131 i\u00e7in b\u00fcy\u00fctt\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve g\u00fczelle\u015ftirdi\u011fi anlat\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Kutsal mezar yerinin Kahta \u00e7ay\u0131n\u0131n k\u0131y\u0131s\u0131ndaki Arsemia\u2019n\u0131n kenar semtinde bulundu\u011fu belirtilmektedir. B\u00f6ylece o zamana kadar bilinmeyen ve edebi metinlerde de ad\u0131 ge\u00e7meyen bir kraliyet merkezinden ilk kez s\u00f6z edilmektedir. Yaz\u0131ttan anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczere, Mithradates hayatta iken mezar\u0131n\u0131n bulundu\u011fu bu kutsal alan\u0131 d\u00fczenlemi\u015f, o\u011flu I. Antiochos bu yeri daha da g\u00fczelle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. Antiochos ve babas\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fcceltilmesi i\u00e7in rahipler g\u00f6revlendirilmi\u015ftir. Baba ve o\u011fulun do\u011fum g\u00fcnleri, her y\u0131l kurbanlar ve \u015fenliklerle t\u00fcm yurtta\u015flarca kutlanacak, \u015fenliklerin giderleri de rahiplerin y\u00f6nettikleri krall\u0131k m\u00fclk\u00fcnden kar\u015f\u0131lanacakt\u0131.<\/p>\n I. Antiochos’un babas\u0131 Mithiridates’e ait mezar yeri olan en \u00fcst k\u0131s\u0131mda ayr\u0131ca saray kal\u0131nt\u0131s\u0131 bulunur. Yap\u0131lan saray kaz\u0131lar\u0131nda \u00e7ok say\u0131da heykel par\u00e7as\u0131, bir krali\u00e7e ve Antiochos ba\u015f\u0131 bulunmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Bu antik alanda, yo\u011fun kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 olmam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Son kaz\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 1973 y\u0131l\u0131nda tamamlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" (29 Ekim 2019-2020 GAP Gezisi) 2019 y\u0131l\u0131nda 29 Ekim tatilinde “T\u00fcrk K\u00fclt\u00fcr ve Sanat Derne\u011fi” olarak GAP gezisi yapm\u0131\u015f, b\u00f6lgedeki bir\u00e7ok g\u00fczel yeri gezme f\u0131rsat\u0131 bulmu\u015ftuk. Ancak \u00f6zellikle Nemrut ve Mardin’den \u00e7ok etkilenmi\u015f ve daha uzun bir zaman\u0131m\u0131zda tekrar gelelim diye e\u015fim Vefa’yla konu\u015fmu\u015ftuk. Asl\u0131nda o daha \u00f6nce Nemrut’a gelmi\u015f. Ancak o kadar gizemli ve […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":4891,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[482,623],"tags":[586,584,588,589,592,590,587,581,583,580,579,582,585,591],"class_list":["post-4871","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-gap","category-nemrut-ve-cevresi","tag-adiyaman","tag-antik","tag-antiochos","tag-apollon","tag-cendere","tag-herkul","tag-kahta","tag-kommagene","tag-makedon","tag-mitoloji","tag-nemrut","tag-pers","tag-yunan","tag-zeus"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4871","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4871"}],"version-history":[{"count":11,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4871\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7088,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4871\/revisions\/7088"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4891"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4871"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4871"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4871"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_9371-1-1024x664.jpg\")
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Ayin platformu \u00fczerinde tanr\u0131 ve kral (Antiochos-Herakles) selamla\u015fmas\u0131 (tokala\u015fma) kabartmas\u0131 bulunur. Antiochus, sivri u\u00e7lu kral tac\u0131 ile, Herk\u00fcl ise sakal\u0131 ve elindeki sopas\u0131yla bilinir. Antiochus, burada yar\u0131 tanr\u0131 olan Herk\u00fcl ile ayn\u0131 boyda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f, hatta kafas\u0131na takt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ta\u00e7 ile kendisini ondan \u00fcst\u00fcn k\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Herk\u00fcl\u2019\u00fc \u00fczerinde adeta bir fakir gibi tamamen \u00e7\u0131plak yapt\u0131rm\u0131\u015f, kendisini de g\u00fcc\u00fcn ve zenginli\u011fin simgesi olan pelerinleri de kat kat giymi\u015f \u015fekilde tasvir etmi\u015ftir. Antiochus elinin tokala\u015f\u0131rken Herk\u00fcl\u2019den \u00fcstte durmas\u0131 da egonun a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a bir ifadesi.<\/p>\n![\"\"](\"https:\/\/www.yeryuzundebirkacadim.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/IMG_9321-1024x683.jpg\")
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